Poetry Unit 2000 Essays - American Cuisine, Connacht, Galway

Poetry Unit 2000 Poetry Unit 2000 LIMERICK There once was a kid named Darren, Who's room was surprisingly barren, He had no toys, Like all normal boys, But he did believe in sharing. There once was an old man named Esser, Whose knowledge grew lesser and lesser, It at last grew so small He knew nothing at all, And now he's a college professor. HAIKU Morning light appears The new day has awoken Nature stirs and sighs Spirits haunt my dreams Skeletons muffle my screams Night as black as death EPIGRAM The days become months and those become years, Only memories remain of both joy and tears. The screams the cries and the pain, All of this goes on in one's brain. PARODY Galway Bay Maybe some day I'll go back again to Ireland If my dear old wife would only pass away She nearly has my heart broke with all her naggin She's got a mouth as big as Galway Bay See her drinking sixteen pints of pabst blue ribbon And then she can walk home without a sway If the sea were beer instead of salty water She'd live and die in Galway Bay See her drinking sixteen pints at Padgo Murphey's The barman says I think it's time to go Well she doesn't try to speak to him in Gaelic In a language that the clergy do not know On her back she has tattooed a map of Ireland And when she takes her bath on Saturday She rubs the sunlight soap around by Claddagh Just watch the suds flow down by Galway Bay. IMITATION Happy and Gay May one day I'll go back again to my homeland, If only faster time will pass away, It's been many years and now its dragging, That's the only time I'll be happy and gay. See myself drinking six doses of bourbon And then I linger about and sway If instead I could have plain water That's when I'll be happy and gay. See myself drinking doses after doses The doctor says to take it slow Well I try to speak to him about this In any possible way I know. On my back is a map of my homeland And when the day will finally arrive Ill be running and dancing and singing Knowing only the right place to survive. BALLAD Who Threw The Golf Balls In My. Friends Chowder? My friends gave a party just about a week ago, Everything was plentiful because they're not too slow, They treated us like guests and we tried to act the same, And only what happened next was an awful shame. Who threw the golf balls in their chowder? Nobody spoke so we shouted all the louder, It's a little trick but we'll catch the guys that threw, The golf balls in my friends chowder. When they were cleaning the dish of chowder, they fainted on the spot. They found a set of golf balls at the bottom of the pot. The neighbors got very mad with their eyes bulging out. They stood upon the stand and loudly did they shout. They took the balls from out of the soup and laid them on the floor. Each of us swore that we'd ne'er seen them before. They were packed up with morter and were worn to the knee. Only for what happened then it was just too sad to see. When they came to, they began to cry and shout. They had put them in the wash that day and forgot to take them out. The fellow neighbors excused themselves for what they said that night So we put music to the words and sang with all our might. Poetry Essays

Health Policy A Critical Analysis

Health Policy A Critical Analysis Executive Summary The Australian Health Care System faces many challenges that affect efficient delivery of services. The challenges range from lack of a clear distinction between the roles of the State, Commonwealth, and the private sector. Issues of persistent health insurance wrangles, influx of untested technologies, little emphasis on preventive health care, and prohibitive cost are the other challenges.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Health Policy: A Critical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Palmer and Short (2000), the apparent lack of good policies has worsened the situation. With clearly spelt out responsibilities between the Commonwealth, State, and private sector, stakeholders in healthcare will contain the problems inherent in the system. Dr. Andrew Southcott, the Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Primary Health Care, in the run-up to the 2013 election, proposed a raft of refo rms in the health care sector. If elected, the opposition coalition promised to review the structure upon which the State delivers primary care. The opposition was concerned that in spite of heavy funding, Medicare Locals do not deliver quality and uninterrupted services. The proposed health policy will inevitably have social, political, economic and epidemiological effects. Socially, the policy will affect access to primary care especially by those in the low economic substratum. Economically, the health policy portends little expenditure by ensuring resources are spent in a transparent and accountable manner. The policy will however face resistance from health care providers and lobbyist who will see it as a threat to their economic lifeline. Introduction Gardner and Barraclough (2002) identify the origin of Australia’s Health Care problems to the paradox of â€Å"the federal government financing a medical care system where most services are provided by private practitione rs† (54). Like in other states, government ought to have high levels of control over a program that falls under its financial purview. It is against this background that the opposition coalition sought to exercise more authority in policymaking especially with Medicare locals. Through its shadow parliamentary secretary for primary health care, the coalition expressed desire to ensure that Medicare locals follow the general medical practice. The proposed reforms also sought to ensure that more funding goes to clinical services rather than administrative functions of Medicare locals. Additionally, the federal government sought to oversee all tendering processes and ensure disruptions to clinical services are non-existent. The Medicare Local spokesperson expressed displeasure with the move citing that the Medicare locals are the true essence of decentralized services. Further, the organization lambasted the opposition coalition for planning to deny local communities access to cli nical services in spite of the strong benefits of scale in the Medicare locals’ favor.Advertising Looking for assessment on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper will demonstrate that the proposed health policy is not the panacea to challenges bedeviling health care system in Australia but the coalition needs to consult and circumspect before full adoption. To do so, the paper will apply economic, social, political, and epidemiological yardsticks. Proposed Health Policy: Analytical Perspective Political Perspective The originators of the Medicare Locals idea wanted to take clinical services closer to the communities. They gave local practitioners total control over the program despite the funding by federal governments (Barraclough Gardner, 2008). Over years, the system has entrenched itself into Australia’s health care psyche to an extent that any disruption or change will elici t resistance. From a political perspective, opposition coalition’s proposals will face resistance from professional monopolists, corporate rationalists, and community interests. The reaction by the Medicare Locals association fired the first salvo when it accused the opposition of â€Å"putting at risk the very real opportunity for communities to have, for the first time, health services tailored directly to their local demands† (Patrick, p.32, 2013). It is evident that medical professionals are for the retention of the status quo. The other resistance came from corporate rationalists and community interests. A good example is insurance sector. Health care pundits cite insurance lobbyists as a great obstacle in reforming the sector, all over the world (Taylor, Foster, Fleming, 2008). With the proposed reforms, insurance profits will plummet as they hide most of their cost within administrative rather than clinical functions. Insurance cartels thrive through stringent bureaucracies in the health sector. If such bottlenecks diminish, federal government will force cartels out of business. Designers of Medicare Locals envisaged a devolved health care in which communities will have considerable control over clinical services and facilities within their neighborhood. Community interests will therefore oppose the move with all their might. Economic Perspective The proposal by the opposition coalition sought to minimize cost and maximize efficiency of Medicare Locals. This underpins the success of any health policy. By funding and auditing the locals, the federal government will ensure hegemony in clinical services and reduce disruption of services. Rather than allow clinical services, there should be concerted efforts form the federal government to ensure that service providers do not treat health care as a commodity (Gauld, 2005). However, limiting federal funding to clinical services, and excluding administrative services, will be a financial burden to Medicare Locals and subsequently, the communities.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Health Policy: A Critical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As it currently stands, Medicare Locals charge a fee for services they render to customers. Taylor, Foster, and Fleming (2008) indicate that in 2007, Medicare Locals charged a combined 16.5 billion Australian pounds. In contrast, the federal government managed a paltry 8.5 billion Australian pounds from levies on Medicare Locals. In essence, therefore, practitioners at Medicare Locals make a lot of money by charging a fee, an aspect that can diminish quality of services in attempt to serve many people. Financial incentives are leading to poor services in what the initiators intended to be quality services closer to the people. The health policy by the opposition will exacerbate this situation. Medicare Locals will pass on this extra burden to consumers, furthe r taking primary health care services beyond the reach of ordinary citizens. A great concern in Australian health care system is the little concern with preventive health. Rather, the system is reactive, focusing more on treatment of illness. Proponents of Medicare local structured it to take primary health services to the communities but the focus on â€Å"pay-for-service† has provided an incentive towards curative rather than preventive services. This perpetuates rather than curb the myriad challenges the paper referred to at the beginning. Will the health policy by opposition coalition curb this malady? The answer is a resounding no. The new policy proposes to recognize â€Å"general practice as the cornerstone of primary care in the governance structures† (Development O. F. E. C. O. A., p.34, 2013). The policy effectively takes the health care system to where it was before 1980s. Decentralization of primary health aims to suit clinical and preventive services to th e needs of the local communities. The health policy intends to take this away. As much as there are challenges in the system, the coalition has gotten it wrong on how to fix it. Ramon (2005) criticized the reforms that the government initiated for â€Å"dumping† all services to the Medicare locals and thus setting them up for failure. The opposition is proposing this same path. Epidemiology Perspective Taylor, Foster, and Fleming (2008) propound that a sound health policy, from an epidemiology perspective, should â€Å"promote intersect oral collaboration, coordination, partnership, and community involvement† (54). Further, the designers and proponents should structure it in a way that places emphasis on preventive health. The health policy that the opposition proposes is failing in this respect. Understandably, a press release cannot provide data to back up a supposition. However, the coalition, in subsequent debates, failed to provide evidence how imposing general pr actice in Medicare Locals will contribute to preventive health.Advertising Looking for assessment on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sociological Perspective Any policy, and more so a health policy, should be focused on promoting equality and be mindful of cultural value. The health policy by the opposition coalition is more inclined towards the financial perspective more than any other thing. The assumption seems so be that stringent financial discipline will improve health care system, which may not necessarily be the case. The originators of the Medicare Locals wanted equality and accessibility in provision of primary health care. Any improvement would therefore go towards making health care even more affordable to many people. The Aborigines for instance are a marginalized group and Medicare Locals strife to provide tailor-made clinical services for the group (Bell, 2010). Any health policy should be towards make it more accessible. The health policy therefore ought to go towards increasing funding to clinical services as well as catering for the administrative cost (Lofgren, De Leahy, 2011). The current pra ctice in which practitioners offer services based on the financial capabilities only serves to perpetuate the discrimination. Good Policy: Winners and Losers After analyzing the four perspectives, it is incumbent to review characteristics of a ‘good’ policy against the one the opposition coalition is proposed. The first one is access and affordability (Lewis, 2003). The health policy does not commit more resources to health care but it is refreshing to note they want accountability and transparency in the current amount. However, the policy fails to scrap the system that provides financial incentive to practitioners out of numbers served rather than quality. A ‘good’ policy should be economically efficient and geared towards public interest accountability. One cannot help but feel a sigh of relief at the thought that the federal funding will go towards clinical services. In spite of the apprehension that practitioners may pass the administrative cost burden to patients, it is refreshing that the quality may improve. The policy is, however, a blanket statement by an aspiring opposition and it would have been prudent for them to give an indication that they will invite various stakeholders for consultations and deliberations. Conclusion In conclusion, it is instructive to note that Australian health care system problems are many and only a multi-pronged solution will work. The solution should outline proper delineation of the roles of different stakeholders within the sector. The federal government, by dint of being the funder, should have its way when it comes to policy but it should consult other stakeholders (Enright Petty, 2013). Health care in many countries is struggling because of unscrupulous cartels that want to take advantage of unsuspecting patients. The government, including the opposition, should work out a formula that elevates the health of its citizens against corporate interests. However, there should be no attempt to reverse decentralization of health care in Australia. References Barraclough, S., Gardner, H. (2008). Analysing health policy: A problem-oriented approach. Sydney: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. Bell, E. (2010). Research for health policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Development, O. F. E. C. O. A. (2013). Waiting time policies in the health sector: What works?. S.l.: Organization For Economic. Enright, M. J., Petty, R. (2013). Australias Competitiveness: From Lucky Country to Competitive Country. Hoboken: Wiley. Gardner, H., Barraclough, S. (2002). Health policy in Australia. South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press. Gauld, R. (2005). Comparative health policy in the Asia-Pacific. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Lewis, M. J. (2003). The peoples health. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Lofgren, H., De, L. E. J. J., Leahy, M. (2011). Democratizing Health: Consumer Groups in the Policy Process. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub. Palmer, G. R., Short, S. D. (2000). Health ca re public policy: An Australian analysis. South Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia. Patrick, A. (2013). Downfall: How the Labor Party ripped itself apart. Sydney, N.S.W: HarperCollins Publishers. Ramon, S. (2005). Mental health at the crossroads: The promise of the psychosocial approach. Aldershot [u.a.: Ashgate. Sorensen, R., Iedema, R. (2008). Managing clinical processes. Sydney, N.S.W: Elsevier. Taylor, S., Foster, M., Fleming, J. (2008). Health care practice in Australia: Policy, context and innovations. South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press.

The Hidden Content of Artwork Adam and Eve Created by Albrecht Durer Essay

The Hidden Content of Artwork Adam and Eve Created by Albrecht Durer - Essay Example Albrecht Durer wanted to demonstrate the importance of people’s decisions; some of them may be fatal and bring a lot of problems. The same situation happened to first people. The central focus of this picture is the representation of Adam and Eva under the tree. They are painted in the foreground surrounded by different animals – birds, hares, mice, and deer. We can see the snake on the branch behind Eva. It holds an apple in its mouth, and Eva is about to take it. Adam holds a branch with a bird in his right hand. Everything is beautiful around people, and they also attract the viewers’ attention at once. In the top right corner, a viewer sees a piece of sky with the mountains. The tree behind Adam and Eva is an apple-tree. It is rich in apples; they are almost on each branch. People are shown young in the picture. Naked images and an apple tree convince us that the characters described here are the first people in Eden. No doubt that the artist wanted to show the most important moment in people’s life – the turning point in the relationship between people and God. The characters’ facial expressions may tell much about their inner world and their thoughts. Moreover, Adam and Eva have different facial expressions. It is not very difficult to see curiosity and selfishness in Eva’s face. People knew that they could not take that apple, but Eva decided that it was possible for her to be as intelligent and powerful as God. Besides, she did not think about her husband. This fact proves that she was a rather selfish woman who followed only her own interests. A gentle smile on Eva’s lips reflects her satisfaction; as only several seconds separate her from the aim she wanted to reach. Adam’s face shows his surprise and grief. He seems to be very upset because of his wife’s action. Adam’s body is bent to Eva as if he wants to stop her.  

GW Restaurant Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GW Restaurant Project - Essay Example Gantt, an American engineer and social scientist. There are now many other PM tools available, for project design, analysis, control, and decision-making, such as Microsoft Project 2002. The ultimate goal of the project is successful establishment of the new restaurant named GW Restaurant. The project is important for expansion of George Wright's empire. Team has become an increasingly important part of business success. Efficient people management can lead the project to good result, while inefficient one often becomes the main reason for project failure. Therefore a great responsibility is incumbent on project manager. The project manager has sole responsibility and authority for project and contract direction and control, however he or she may delegate single or multiple responsibilities. A Project Management Plan is commonly used to document key management parameters in a central location and is updated throughout the project focusing on recognition of changes in program planning and management of those changes. (WBDG Project Management Committee 2005) As Gray and Larson write, projects must have a defined endpoint - this is contrary to the ongoing duties and responsibilities of traditional jobs. (Gray, C.F. and Larson, E.W. 2000, p.2) Duration of the GW Restaurant Project is 52 days; it starts 1st October 2005 and finishes 9th December 2005. All project participants are working without overtime. I think that absence of overtime produces more effective and qualitative work of personnel. Also if something goes wrong, it would be possible to make the team work on weekend and in that way to keep time limits. The time schedule for the project is built based on the Work Breakdown Structure. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is used to provide a... As the report declar the ultimate goal of the project is successful establishment of the new restaurant named GW Restaurant. The project is important for expansion of George Wright’s empire. Team has become an increasingly important part of business success. Efficient people management can lead the project to good result, while inefficient one often becomes the main reason for project failure. Therefore a great responsibility is incumbent on project manager. The project manager has sole responsibility and authority for project and contract direction and control, however he or she may delegate single or multiple responsibilities. According to the report findings a Project Management Plan is commonly used to document key management parameters in a central location and is updated throughout the project focusing on recognition of changes in program planning and management of those changes. The time schedule for the project is built based on the Work Breakdown Structure. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is used to provide a framework for breaking the GW Restaurant Project into Stages and Activities and then organizing them in a logical way. The critical path is a sequence of activities through a project network from start to finish, the sum of whose durations determines the overall project duration.

Non profit organizations Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Non profit organizations - Article Example The main priority which is laid while performing the broad duties mostly reflects upon determining the interests of the law. Also, the duties that perform by high rank officers are framed in such a way that demonstrates legal forms of working behavior. However, the main concern in such type of organization is to generate a balanced working atmosphere. This particular aspect is developed through executing various principles related to corporate governance in non-profit organizations. The best feature about this sort of organization is that all the officers along with other employees perform their respective assigned tasks quite effectively. Also, the duties of officers in a non-profit organization are determined through following a broader framework which considers the basic objectives of such type of organizations. This way, the broad duties along with the responsibilities of all the members including the officers get prioritized in a formative manner (Twaits, 1998). This paper will broadly consider the major aspects pertaining to the broad duties of officers along with employees in non-profit organizations. In addition, the aspects will be critically analyzed, backed up with a proper review and a personal reflection of the concerned article. Review of the Item As per the studies undertaken by Andrew Twaits (1998), numerous researches and surveys have been conducted upon managing the non-profit organizations (NPOs) belonging to this modern day context. With increased level of globalization along with internationalization, NPOs have been viewed to support the community members in terms of serving their best interests effectively. It has been learned that NGOs can very well move in aligning with the needs of the society by a certain degree. With due analysis, it can be stated that the different activities of NPOs have been able to widen the expectation levels of shareholders in terms of fulfilling their respective desires. The management along with the operationa l activities that takes place in a NPO and the duties perform by the officers as well as the employees is often recognized to be quite broad. It can be apparently observed that the different tasks and the duties that are performed by the officers along with the employees deliver a high range of performance within the organizations. According to the article, it can be viewed that there exist two sorts of organization that mainly comprise ‘unincorporated association’ and ‘incorporated association’. These associations eventually lead towards governing along leading NPOs to attain their predetermined targets. In this regard, the term ‘unincorporated association’ signifies the meaning of a chamber, club, federation, society, council, league, institute, union or guild, which is fundamentally voluntary in nature. This form of association is viewed to serve the basic purpose or serving the interests of a group of people. The other form of association i .e. ‘incorporated association’ is regarded as a form of association which can be understood as a legal entity that possesses a perpetual succession and also a common seal. This form of association is considered to be highly recognizable in nature. This particular association is formed with the intent of considering all the legal attributes that are needed to be fulfilled while forming an ‘incorporated association’. Strong approval from the government is required for the formation of such

The History Of Indian Diplomacy Politics Essay

The History Of Indian Diplomacy Politics Essay Indian Parliament-the citadel of Indian constitution represents the vim vigor and vitality of Indian democracy. The constitution of our country places supreme authority in the parliament. The parliamentary executive solely governs and conditions not only the domestic but also the foreign affairs of the country. In India the executive authority of conducting foreign affairs is shared by the President, the Prime Minister, the Cabinet and the Minister of External Affairs. The executive power of the union is vested in the president who, in accordance with the Constitution of India, conducts the diplomatic policy of the state. As the head of the state, the President, is formally in charge of foreign affairs; the real authority rests, however, in the Prime Minister and the council of Ministers. Moreover Since the diplomatic relation of the country plays an important role in designing the visage of a country in terms of socio-politico-economic growth, the Parliament which represents the asp irations of Indian electorate masses is more or less responsible for the Diplomatic outlook of the State. The evolution of a democratic form of government in a country like India, which has little experience in the art of diplomacy and diplomatic service, is significant because unlike the monarchial and military regimes prevalent in most newly independent countries, Indias Diplomatic and Foreign Affairs machinery is responsible to an elected legislature modeled after the British Parliament. The responsibility to the parliament imposes certain obligations upon the Administration in defense of national interests which cannot be undermined by any powerful domestic groups or foreign agencies. The initiation of foreign policy is the prerogative of the council of ministers whose members are appointed by the President upon the advice of the Prime Minister. The Ministers are the elected representatives of people sitting in either house on the parliament. The democratically elected political executive and Parliament are held solely responsible for the formulation and implementation of foreign and defence polices. On the basis of this logic, the Constitution makers had clearly defined and demarcated jurisdictional boundaries by assigning foreign and strategic policy making roles only to the central government and limited the role of regional-state governments to deal with local law and order and developmental activities. So, in the more than six decades of post-Independence phase of democracy, foreign and defence policies have been pursued by the central government on the basis of its perceptions of national interests. 1.1 Indias Global Position India has formal diplomatic relations with most nations; it is the worlds second most populous country, the worlds most-populous democracy and one of the fastest  growing major economies  in the world.  With the worlds seventh largest military expenditure,  ninth largest economy by nominal rates and third largest by purchasing power parity, India is a regional power and a  potential superpower. Indias growing international influence gives it a prominent voice in global affairs. It has moved beyond its traditional interest in South Asia to a greater involvement in East Asia. India is a  newly industrialized country, it has a long history of collaboration with several countries and is considered a leader of the  developing world.  India was one of the founding members of several  international organizations, most notably the United Nations, the  Asian Development Bank,  G20 industrial nations  and the founder of the  Non-aligned movement. India has also played an important and influential role in other international organizations like  East Asia Summit  World Trade Organization,  International Monetary Fund  (IMF),  G8+5 and  IBSA Dialogue Forum.  Regionally, India is a part of  SAARC and  BIMSTEC. India has taken part in several  UN peacekeeping missions  and in 2007, it was the second-largest troop contributor to the United Nations.  India is currently seeking a permanent seat in the  UN Security Council, along with the  G4 nations. With the worlds seventh largest landmass, second largest population, third largest army and the fourth largest economy in PPP terms, India already stands as a leader among nations. But what strikes people across the globe most is that despite its incredible diversity of race, religion, language, etc. and the immense challenges posed by the poverty and illiteracy of a large segment of its population, India has been a remarkable example of a country seeking to resolve the multifarious and complex issues before it through an active and participatory democratic process. Fifteen general elections and innumerable state and local level elections later, Indias credentials as the worlds largest democracy are universally recognized. Indeed, Indias general elections are viewed in awe as the biggest organized human exercises in history.  In his address to both the Houses of the Indian Parliament on 8 November 2010, the US President, Barack Obama, had paid the country a great tribute, Its no co incidence that India is my first stop on my visit to Asia, or that this has been my longest visit to another country after becoming President. For in Asia and around the world, India is not simply emerging, India has emerged. 1.2 History of Indian Diplomacy Foreign policy used to be the exclusive domain of the diplomats and soldiers before the rise of representative democracy. It used to be conducted by the elite in a complete secrecy and without taking their respective publics into confidence. The history of the European diplomacy until the two World Wars has been replete with the making of secret treaties with other powers without the knowledge of their publics. However the evolution of the democratic system has changed this completely, bringing democratic institutions such as the parliament, the media, various interest groups, and the public opinion into picture. Executive branch of government is no longer completely independent both in the formulation and implementation of the foreign policies. The very existence of these institutions serves as a major deterrent for the rulers who have to be very careful in the making of the policy. They have to be accountable to their respective publics which exercise their control through these de mocratic institutions. The diplomatic policy of a country is not just carved out of the present political situation. Their roots go far back in history. They are interlaced with the national character of the people, geographical position and the historical relations with the neighboring countries. From time immemorial people have entered India (settlers, traders, looters, conquerors) bringing in a variety of cultures to this ancient land. The different cultures diffused and were assimilated to form present cultural patterns. It was this assimilated culture that permeated south and south east Asian countries, areas designated by historians as Greater India. This cultural assimilation is significant because India enjoyed somewhat a central position in the then civilized Afro-Eurasian world, extending from china to Mesopotamia, Greece and Africa. Indian vessels sailed in the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea. A well organized trade from the shores of Nile, Oxus and Tigris to the bank of Ind us existed in the Second millennium B.C. The way of living, eating habits, types of dresses and methods of worship, indicate the similarity of traditions between the people of Greece and Rome and the people of India. Diplomatic relations have therefore existed between India and the King of Mitanni(middle east) goes back to 1400 B.C, illustrating the fact that nations at such a early period of history maintained diplomatic contacts. Owning to the Indian philosophy of Truth and Non-violence ,Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi as prime ministers followed the policy of non-alignment with two power blocs in the post-world war phase of the international structure of power. The collapse of the USSR meant this bipolarity in international relations was replaced by a unipolar global order and India adjusted and adapted its foreign and defence policies accordingly. Even before independence, the Government of  British India  maintained semi-autonomous diplomatic relations. It had colonies (such as the  Aden Settlement), sent and received full diplomatic missions,  and was a founder member of both the  League of Nations  and the United Nations.  After India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, it soon joined the  Commonwealth of Nations  and strongly supported independence movements in other colonies, like the  Indonesian National Revolution. During the  Cold War, India adopted a foreign policy of  not aligning  itself with any major  power bloc. However, India developed close  ties with the Soviet Union  and received extensive military support from it. Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias first  Prime Minister, promoted a strong personal role for the Prime Minister but a weak institutional structure. Nehru served concurrently as Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs; he made all major foreign policy decisions himself after consulting with his advisers and then entrusted the conduct of international affairs to senior members of the Indian Foreign Service. He was the main founding father of the Panchsheel or the five principles of peaceful co-existence. His successors continued to exercise considerable control over Indias international dealings, although they generally appointed separate ministers of external affairs. Indias second prime minister,  Lal Bahadur Shastri  (1964-66), expanded the  Prime Minister Office  (sometimes called the Prime Ministers Secretariat) and enlarged its powers. By the 1970s, the Office of the Prime Minister had become the de facto coordinator and supraministry of the Indian government. The enhanced role of the office strengthened the prime ministers control over foreign policy making at the expense of the Ministry of External Affairs. Advisers in the office provided channels of information and policy recommendations in addition to those offered by the Ministry of External Affairs. A subordinate part of the office-the  Research and Analysis Wing  (RAW)-functioned in ways that significantly expanded the information available to the prime minister and his advisers. The RAW gathered intelligence, provided intelligence analysis to the Office of the Prime Minister, and conducted covert operations abroad. The prime ministers control and reliance on personal advisers in the Office of the Prime Minister was particularly strong under the tenures of  Indira Gandhi  (1966-77 and 1980-84) and her son, Rajiv (1984-89), who succeeded her, and weaker during the periods of coalition governments. Observers find it difficult to determine whether the locus of decision-making authority on any particular issue lies with the Ministry of External Affairs, the Council of Ministers, the Office of the Prime Minister, or the prime minister himself. . CHAPTER 2 2.1 CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE India follows the British Constitutional model. Making foreign policy decisions is the function of the cabinet, which, in turn, is responsive as well as responsible to the opinions expressed in the Lok Sabha, Lower House of the Parliament in India. Since the cabinet can continue in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the Lower House, the decisions it takes and their execution must be such as are acceptable to the majority of members of the Lok Sabha. In the U.S. Constitution, the ratification of treaties and other international agreements by the Senate is mandatory, but in the Indian Constitution there is no such provision. In India, the ratification of treaties is done by the President. However, before the government concludes a treaty or an international agreement, it invariably consults the members of the Parliament. The Parliament has various devices to control the foreign policy. It may legislate on any matters pertaining to the foreign affairs, though in practice the Indian Parliament has engaged itself in very little legislation. It can exercise financial control through controlling the budgetary allocations. It can engage in deliberations by raising questions, passing resolutions, moving adjournment motions and debates on the foreign policy matters. The Indian Parliament exercises its control over foreign affairs through three committees: Consultative Committee of Parliament for the Ministry of External Affairs, the Estimate Committee and the Public Accounts Committee. The Consultative Committee provides a forum for informal discussion between the members of the Parliament and the Ministry of External Affair The membership of this committee is drawn both from the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, Upper House of the Parliament. Apart from the Consultative Committee, the Estimate Committee and the Public Accounts Committee indirectly influence the conduct of foreign relations as they make judgments and comments on the economy and the efficiency of the proposals sent by the Ministry of External Affairs. The essential part of the functions of the executive is to make international negotiations, treaties and agreements. Parliaments also have an important role to play in the matters of foreign affairs. Apart from the task of ratification of international treaties, enactment of laws and sanctioning of budgetary allocation to meet commitments on various treaties and agreements, Parliament also have the usual means of parliamentary check such as questions, various motions, resolutions, parliamentary committees, etc to discuss the foreign matters. In this way, they balance the efforts of the Governments in taking applicable stand at various forms on global issues which have direct or indirect consequence on national polity. In India, under article 246 of the Constitution of India, Parliament alone is conferred with powers to make laws with regard to foreign affairs; diplomatic, consular and trade representation; United Nations Organisati on; participation in international conferences, associations and other bodies and implementing of decisions made thereof; entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and implementing of treaties, agreements and conventions with foreign countries; foreign loans; trade and commerce with foreign countries, etc. Under article 253 of the Constitution, the Parliament of India is also vested with the power to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country or countries or any decision made at any international conference, association or other body. By virtue of article 73 of the Constitution the executive power of the Union extends to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws and to the exercise of such rights, authority and jurisdiction as are exercisable by the Government of India by virtue of any treaty or agreement; and article 53 vests the executive powe r of the Union in the President of India, exercisable either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution of India, the task of international negotiations including all activities relating to external assistance is essentially a part of the functions of the executive. The said tasks come under the jurisdiction of our Ministry of External Affairs, who concludes all treaties and agreements with the approval of the Cabinet. The views of all concerned Ministries are also taken into account before becoming a party to any such move. According to the present practice, the Parliament of India is kept fully informed of the initiatives by the Government in countrys foreign affairs. The copies of treaties and agreements are placed on the Table of the Houses of Parliament after the instruments of ratification are exchanged. Wherever necessary, the Government brings forward legislation or a motion to give effect to the provisions of a treaty and an agreemen t. If the provisions involve financial commitments, the matter comes up before Parliament in the form of budgetary demands. All these place Parliament and the parliamentarians in close proximity to foreign policy matters. Important matters of foreign affairs are often discussed on the floor of the House through various procedural devices also. Sometimes Resolutions are passed on the matters of crucial importance so as to reflect the collective will of the people and the nation. And0 there are several other channels such as the Departmentally Related Standing Committees including that on External Affairs through which Parliament gives its views and inputs to the Government. The Consultative Committees on External Affairs and those concerning to various other Ministries are yet another mode of involving Parliament and the members of Parliament in the task of countrys foreign matters. 2.2ROLE OF EXECUTIVE The Indian model gives near total freedom and autonomy to the executive and assumes a submissive Parliament which normally supports the government. The role of the Parliament is more of a general supervision and consultation depending upon the will of the government. Its advantages include flexibility, secrecy and relatively swift implementation of the foreign policy while the disadvantages include greater possibility of the abuse of power and trust of the people and erroneous judgments on the part of the government.The Indian Parliament is unique in its efficacy in expressing the central political value of our continental society. Indian domestic strength and foreign policy are directly related and public discussion of foreign policy options gives an advantage to the Government if it develops a strong and effective national commitment. A realistic conception of Parliaments role in foreign policy must underline the following points: First, members of Parliament have a relationship of partnership with the executive in providing an openly political dimension to the diplomatic activity and inner-administrative reasoning conducted by the Ministry of External Affairs. The legislative function cannot extend to the network of communications utilized by the Government to fulfil the countrys political and strategic interests, but it is only Parliament which can provide a full rationale for an integrated view of foreign and domestic policies. Second, Parliamentarians can if they wish encourage a problem-solving attitude by transcending cloistered mentalities which are developed in the course of international disputes and expressed in Cold War clichà ©s. Parliament can indeed function as an avant garde organization which seeks a widening of political opportunities both at home and abroad by visualizing foreign policy as an area of accommodation and legitimate compromise to clarify the consequences of new developments in scientific, technological, cultural and educational spheres, apart from the purely political and strategic developments. Thirdly, the consultative opportunities of Parliament provide a permanent effort to relate expertise in foreign affairs to a momentum based upon the thrust of the historical national experience. The Ministry of External Affairs on account of time constraints does not have many opportunities for the projection of long-term futures, but Parliament can enhance the capacity and resources of the nation to develop a consistent framework for thinking about the future of the Indian contribution to the world system. India has a parliamentary form of government based on universal adult franchise. The executive authority is responsible to the elected representatives of the people in the Parliament for all its decisions and actions. The Constitution of India states that the Indian Executive is the foremost branch of the Parliamentary form of government. The President, Vice President, Council of Ministers, Governor and Attorney General of India has played a greater role as far as executive branch is concerned. The President is the head of the state who is elected by the Electoral College which consist of both the houses Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. The executive is the most important of the government in terms of its importance. Since we got our independence the executive branch has got its share of worth and recognition as a part of the government. It has been carrying out the most vital functions of executing the laws made by the legislature and also implementing. The competence of the government de pends upon the effective functioning of its policies by the executive. Whole of the administration revolves around the executive branch without which administration holds no importance. 2.2.1 Mode of Selection   The mode of selection varies from one country to another, Some executive are inherited the powers by virtue of being born in the royal family. This principle is followed in U.K., Nepal, Japan, Spain and many other Countries. The Chief executive is voted by the people. The election may be direct or indirect but secret voting is always carried out in one way or the other. The element of election makes the office democratic. More so the election is for a definite period which differs from Country to Country. U.S.A. and India offer examples of this type. There is another mode of selection of the executives is a process of nomination. The Governor Generals of Canada. New Zealand, Australia are nominated by British Crown. The Governors of Indian States are nominated by the President. Another process of selection is appointment by recruitment. The vast majority of the permanent or non-political executive in India or other Countries hailing from civil service are chosen on the basis of entra nce exam. 2.2.2 Functions   The functions of the executive in modern State are multifaceted and wide ranging. The compulsions of a welfare state, the pressures of an industrial society, the expectations from a positive state assign a variety of functions to the executive some of the important functions are discussed here implementation of laws and policies is the most essential part of the state administration of government. As head of the administration, he exercises a wide power of control over the personnel of the administrative service through his power to appoint, direct and remove his subordinates. The subordinates tend to work under his direction and supervision. Security of the country is of great importance; hence the executive performs certain functions so as to strengthen our security internally as well as externally. Such responsibilities increase many-fold when there is a war or internal riot, retaining political function is an important responsibility of the executive. Taking care of relationship with other States in the world constitutes an important function of the executive because the Countries grow in stature, technology and prosperity through mutual help and co-operation. Thus the executive through mutual relationship, with other States try to push through development and progress of its Country. The management of finance of the State is vital to the administration. The success or failure of the government largely depends on proper implementation of fiscal policy. The legislature controls the finance and grants funds to the executive. But it is the executive which very meticulously studies the needs of the administrative departments and finds out the ways and means to meet such expenses. It has the responsibility of preparing a budget which would be acceptable to the legislature. Once the budget is approved by the legislature the executive exercises tremendous control over its expenditure by the various departments. Law making comes under the domain of the legislature. But in practice it is found that the executive enjoys enormous legislative powers. In Parliamentary System the legislative responsibilities rest with the executive. The executive summons, prorogues and if need be dissolves the legislature. In the recess of both the Houses of Parliament the President of India can promulgate ordinance, which has the effect and force of law made by this legislature. The executive as per its requirement drafts and introduces legislative measures for adoption and gets it passed because of majority support. This undoubtedly has made the executive more powerful. The executive also discharges some judicial responsibilities. The right of pardon or mercy is executive power. The Heads of executives in many countries enjoy this power. For example the President of India can suspend, remit or commute sentences of any person convicted of offence. Similarly the President of the U.S.A. enjoys similar power. The executive in many states have also taken up the respon sibility of deciding cases having administrative implications. An analysis of the powers of the executive stated above clearly indicates the predominance of the executive over the legislature and the judiciary. The executive gradually started acquiring more and more power owing to the emergence of welfare activities of the states. The development of the executive into what may be called a multi functioning organ is highly significant. The real authority in both the developed and developing states have come to rest with the executive. This growth of concentration of power in the executive has opened door for criticism from all quarters. According to Lord Hewart it has led to a rise of New Despotism which has controlled the fate of so many by so few. But nevertheless executive tries to function in a more effective way keeping in mind the welfare of the public. 2.3 STANDING COMMITTE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS The Parliament of India transacts a great deal of its business through Committees, which are, in fact, microcosms and extensions of the Houses. The Committees have contributed a great deal in making the Parliament more effective in exercising control over and giving direction to the executive functioning and thereby making the executive more accountable. Apart from facilitating consideration of complex and technical issues in a non-partisan manner, which the House as a whole may find difficult to discuss, the Committee provide to the Members additional time for detailed deliberation on the legislative and financial business of the House. The Committee system in the Indian Parliament consists of various categories of Committees. Foremost among those are the Parliamentary Committees, which are appointed or elected by the House nominated by the Speaker, Lok Sabha or Chairman, Rajya Sabha. These Committees work under the overall directions of the Presiding Officers and as per rules of pr ocedure framed from time to time, present their reports to the concerned House or the Presiding Officer. The Secretariat is provided by one of the two Secretariats of Parliament.Foreign policy permits India to have an interaction with the world outside and the main aimof foreign policy is to provide protection of its national sovereignty and territorial integrity.Thus it helps to provide the much needed national security to the country which makes itthe most integral part of the administration. The Parliament has a two-fold control overforeign policy. Firstly, the Parliament has the power to reject, approve or modify the foreign policyframed by the executive. Secondly, it has general supervisory powers over the conduct offoreign affairs. To enable the parliament to play these, the executive has to place allrelevantinformation before it and keep it informed of the governments variousprogrammes, negotiations, treaties, agreements and other activities. 2.4 DEBATES ON FOREIGN POLICY The Indian Parliament has, in general, supported its governments positions on the foreign policy issues. However, sometimes it has shown strong disagreement on some position as well. For example, there has been a strong criticism of the governments policies during the Sino-Indian War of 1962. The record of the Parliamentary debateduring 1959-62 shows a lively debate on the issue and such an intense criticism of Krishna Menon, the Defence Minister, that he was virtually forced to resign from the job. Similarly, the Indian Parliament moved a resolution condemning the military action of the Pakistan Army during the East Pakistan Crisis in 1970-71 and urged the world to take note of the situation. The resolution went beyond the government policy and amounted to interference in the domestic affairs of another country. The Indian Parliament has in general shown a lot of activism on the foreign policy issues relating to Pakistan and China. At times, the Parliament members have also resigned from their membership in protest against the governments policy which was considered as too soft by them.Asubversive pragmatic vision is increasingly challenging some of thekey foundations of Indias traditional nationalist and left-of-centre foreign policy, diluting the consensus that shaped the policy, and raising new possibility esespecially for Indias relations with the United States and global nuclear arms control. This debate between two centrist foreign policy perspectives is not yet settled. The two are described here as traditional nationalist and pragmatist, with the former representing the established and dominant perspective, and the latter as the emerging challenger. Actual Indian policy mostly splits the difference, mouthing traditional nationalist (hereafter referred to as simply nationalist) slogans while following pragmatist prescriptions. One major result has been the widening of political space for closer relations with the United States, even without a stable con sensus. Indias economic growth, information technology prowess, and rising power have reshaped global perceptions of India and Indias perception of itself. A decade after Indias nuclear tests, Indias global relations have dramatically improved and New Delhi is increasingly wooed by major powers. Indian commentators have not been slow to notice that leaders from all of the permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) visited India in 2010.16 For nationalists, this was a recognition of Indias importance which called for a noiseless celebration. The possibility exists, however, that at least some of Indias strategic elite are inflating Indias capabilities and attractiveness. Yashwant Sinha, a senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)leader and former Minister for External Affairs, expressed this overconfidence well when he argued, in the context of the recent visit by President Obama to India, that the U.S. needs India more t han India needs the UnitedStates.18 For instance, the United States was forced to lift the sanctions it imposed on India after the 1998 Indian nuclear tests because these sanctions were causing more damage to the U.S. than India. This belief that India was so important that other powers would not standby futilely if India was invaded possibly even leading to a world war is presumably one of the reasons why Nehru thought that China would not attack India militarily in 1962. The sense of Indias intrinsic importance is also reflected in Indias push for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.20Though all shades of foreign policy opinion in India broadly support a permanent seat for India, nationalists tend to emphasize such demands more Equity and Democratic Global Indias foreign policymaking and highlighted several issues that link together questions of policy objectives and policy tools. First, the extent of Indias ambitions in its home region, South Asia, is contested. One view is that India should be satisfied with a level of military capabilities that guarantees New Delhi security by ensuring that India would prevail in a conflict with any of its neighbours, should such a conflict arise. A more ambitious view is that New Delhi should not be satisfied with security alone and should instead seek to exercise influence over its neighbours. Second, the opponents of the idea that India should rely on hard power and military force do not only question the relative effectiveness of

The Other Side of Paradise :: Free Essays Online

The Other Side of Paradise Any avid viewer of television has seen the advertisement. The sun reflects over a gleaming ocean, ornately dressed women dance in circles, smiling couples dine at sunset, children laugh and run across the beach, then the announcer says, â€Å"come to Barbados, paradise awaits you†. Although I consider myself a grounded and logical person, I confess that each time the announcer alluringly gives the invitation, wistful thoughts run through my head. The idea of leaving behind the chaos of everyday life and retreating to a place of laughter and no worries is truly tempting. I do not even typically enjoy the beach, but the concept of paradise, whatever that may mean, attracts me. Where does the glamour of travel come from? What is it about Americans that makes them desperate to escape? The obvious answer to this, or the counter question would be: what is it about Americans that causes them so much stress? I’ve been told that compared to the rest of the world, Americans spend an average of fifteen percent more time working. A thirty-hour week in Europe is considered a full-time job; In America forty hours is a conservative estimate. Less developed continents have lower employment rates and by default do not place as much emphasis on working. However, in America working and being a contributing part of society is a large part of proving self-worth. This work leads to the need for rest. One author stated that, â€Å"The realization of the need for recreation and travel is an awareness of an affective state usually signaling physical and/or mental exhaustion, and/or social needs such as recognition or inclusion. The need can also come about through a realization of curiosity for certain experiences. Both types of need are often linked with the habitualized oppo rtunity to travel† (Boshoff et. al. 155). Rest comes in many forms; some people find it in exercise, some in zoning out in front of a TV or going out for a nice meal, and others through drugs or alcohol. However travel is somewhat of an American pastime. Most everyone remembers packing up for family vacations in their younger years. Trips to the store for sunscreen, bug spray and snacks, fights over who gets the window seat, games to entertain on the trip, and threats by exhausted, frustrated, and often lost parents are all parts of growing up.

Is the Port Authority Helping or Getting in the Way? Essay

The debate continues in Cleveland over the best use of our lakefront. For almost two centuries the lakefront in Cleveland has been mostly industry. Here, like in other cities, we want recreational access to the lakefront. The Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority plays a major role in increasing recreational opportunities in downtown Cleveland in two ways: first, it owns a good part of the lakefront (the number one source of land for recreation.); and second, it occupies much of its own land or leases it for industrial purposes. So, therefore, the port authority is one of the major players in the decision of where and how to put recreation along the lakefront. As with anything it is important to understand the past before we can understand the present. I have found a time line dating to 1818 that documents this history. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1818: The first steamboat on Lake Erie arrived in Cleveland. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1828: To improve shipping between the Great Lakes and the Ohio & Erie Canal, a new shipping channel – the current mouth of the Cuyahoga River – was cut to allow the river to flow directly into Lake Erie. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1849: A pier was built at the foot of Water Street (West 9th Street). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1851: The Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad opened the first Cleveland depot on the lakefront at West 9th Street. By 1853, railroads constructed six piers east of the Cuyahoga River. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1852: The first shipment of ore for smelting iron arrived in Cleveland from Marquette. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1870s: Construction of a breakwater began in the 1870s to protect Cleveland’s harbor area. The United States Congress authorized funds for breakwater construction in 1875, 1886, 1896 and 1902. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1912: The New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio Railroad opened an ore dock on fill placed along the lakefront on the north side of Whiskey Island to handle iron ore for Cleveland’s flourishing steel industry. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1913: The East 9th Street pier opened to provide passenger ferry service between Cleveland and Detroit and Buffalo. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1940: The United States Coast Guard Station opened on the eastern end of Whiskey Island at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1959: The St. Lawrence Seaway opened providing access between Great Lakes Ports, including Cleveland, and international markets. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1968: The Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority was established to operate Cleveland’s publicly owned lakefront docks. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1970s: The Port Authority purchased land from several entities between the mouth of the Cuyahoga River and West 3rd Street in anticipation of the construction of an ore dock for Republic Steel that ultimately was built in Lorain. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1978: The Port Authority received Foreign Trade Zone designation for part of Dock 20. This federal designation now extends to the entire dock area. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1986: The State of Ohio and the City of Cleveland began construction of a seven acre inner harbor between Dock 32 and East 9th Street. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1998: The Port Authority purchased the ore dock on Whiskey Island from Conrail to ensure the continued availability of ore deliveries at the lowest costs for local steel making operations.1 As you can see our port has a deep rooted history in our community and in our economy. Also, our port has some special features; for instance we have deep water docks allowing us to have large freighters come into our port. Additionally, our port is a destination port in that most of the goods that come in through the port are going somewhere within fifty miles of the dock. Lastly, our Cleveland Bulk Terminal (CBT)2 is amazing in that it has 1850 linear feet of dock with a loop track for ship to rail distribution. A couple of years ago the company removed the giant and obsolete huletts that used to unload the ships into trains, relying now on self-unloading equipment on ships. Trucks are not used because there is no haul road. This summer Oglebay Norton is hoping to bring the automatic loading equipment from the Lorain Pellet Terminal to enable easier re-loading of ships for International Steel Group. Through all of the current turmoil about the port it has been trying to exonerate it’s self and improve its image. The dispute has brought up two alternatives for the port; one is to leave the port as it is and make Whisky Island into a park; the second is to put the section of the port on the east bank of the river on Whisky Island and make the east bank area a park. Both are controversial as there are the Friends of Whisky Island who want the Island to become a park; while the port wants to just exist downtown. Some people believe that the port should go away all together. They don’t realize that the ships bring goods from overseas, and those goods come into the city’s factories, which either package them or make other products from them. Then, the factories ship the products out to be sold, thus, promoting trade and economic growth in the city of Cleveland and the whole country. As I mentioned before, the port is just striving to exist in downtown Cleveland. This is because of the deep water docks I also mentioned earlier the deep water docks are unique on the great lakes and very important to our economy. If the port were to be moved very far from its current locale there could be great expense taken to dredge a new location in an attempt to recreate deep water docks. In the current debate NOACA is the main intermediary; NOACA has set up a team of four city planners, one of which is from the city planning commission and three outside counsels, who have been holding meetings in different neighborhoods that might be affected and are taking in ideas. Many people like the idea to move the port to the west bank and free up land on the east, although it is unlikely. Thus, I can safely conclude, that the port is one of the biggest players in what will happen to our lakefront. It can either move or stay put. Although, it just wants to continue to exist and are continuously embellishing their own cause to make people think they are important. They are really important to recreation and our economy because they own the land and promote trade and economic growth. The port is a necessity and here to stay. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.citizensvision.org/friends-wi/plans/portplan.htm; â€Å"Port Authority Master Plan†; http://planning.city.cleveland.oh.us/lakefront/; â€Å"Lakefront Plan†; http://www.greatlakes-seaway.com/en/ports/portofcleveland.html; â€Å"Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System: Port of Cleveland†; Ehle, Jay C., William D. Ellis, Nancy A. Schneider; Cleveland’s Harbor: The Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority; Kent, Ohio and London, England; The Kent State University Press; (c)1996 1 http://urban.csuohio.edu/forum/waterways/portactivites/index.htm 2 The Cleveland Bulk Terminal is operated by Oglebay Norton Terminals Inc.; a division of the Oglebay Norton Company.

Free Essays on Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows The Anti-Trust Case Against Microsoft Books related to The Anti-Trust Case AgainstMicrosoft The Anti-Trust Case Against Microsoft Since 1990, a battle has ragedin United States courts between the United States government and the Microsoft Corporation out of Redmond, Washington, headed by Bill Gates. What is at stake is money. The federal government maintains that Microsoft’s monopolistic practices are harmful to United States citizens, creating higher prices and potentially downgrading software quality, and should therefore be stopped, while Microsoft and its supporters claim that they are not breaking any laws, and are just doing good business. Microsoft’s antitrust problems began for them in the early months of 1990(Check 1), when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating them for possible violations of the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts,(Maldoom 1) which are designed to stop the formation of monopolies. The investigation continued on for the next three yea rs without resolve, until Novell, maker of DR-DOS, a competitor of Microsoft’s MS-DOS, filed a complaint with the Competition Directorate of the European Commission in June of 1993.(Maldoom 1) Doing this stalled the investigations even more, until finally in August of 1993, (Check 1)the Federal Trade Commission decided to hand the case over to the Department of Justice. The Department of Justice moved quickly, with Anne K. Bingaman, head of the Antitrust Division of the DOJ, leading the way.(Check 1) The case was finally ended on July 15, 1994, with Microsoft signing a consent settlement.(Check 1) The settlement focused on Microsoft’s selling practices with computer manufacturers. Up until now, Microsoft would sell MS-DOS and Microsoft’s other operating systems to original equipment manufacturers (OEM’s) at a 60% discount if that OEM agreed to pay a royalty to Microsoft for every single computer that they sold (Check 2) regardless if it... Free Essays on Microsoft Windows Free Essays on Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows The Anti-Trust Case Against Microsoft Books related to The Anti-Trust Case AgainstMicrosoft The Anti-Trust Case Against Microsoft Since 1990, a battle has ragedin United States courts between the United States government and the Microsoft Corporation out of Redmond, Washington, headed by Bill Gates. What is at stake is money. The federal government maintains that Microsoft’s monopolistic practices are harmful to United States citizens, creating higher prices and potentially downgrading software quality, and should therefore be stopped, while Microsoft and its supporters claim that they are not breaking any laws, and are just doing good business. Microsoft’s antitrust problems began for them in the early months of 1990(Check 1), when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating them for possible violations of the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts,(Maldoom 1) which are designed to stop the formation of monopolies. The investigation continued on for the next three yea rs without resolve, until Novell, maker of DR-DOS, a competitor of Microsoft’s MS-DOS, filed a complaint with the Competition Directorate of the European Commission in June of 1993.(Maldoom 1) Doing this stalled the investigations even more, until finally in August of 1993, (Check 1)the Federal Trade Commission decided to hand the case over to the Department of Justice. The Department of Justice moved quickly, with Anne K. Bingaman, head of the Antitrust Division of the DOJ, leading the way.(Check 1) The case was finally ended on July 15, 1994, with Microsoft signing a consent settlement.(Check 1) The settlement focused on Microsoft’s selling practices with computer manufacturers. Up until now, Microsoft would sell MS-DOS and Microsoft’s other operating systems to original equipment manufacturers (OEM’s) at a 60% discount if that OEM agreed to pay a royalty to Microsoft for every single computer that they sold (Check 2) regardless if it...

Why Thesis And Dissertation Is Not The Same And How Do They Differ - Paperell.com

Why Thesis And Dissertation Is Not The Same And How Do They Differ Why Thesis And Dissertation Is Not The Same And How Do They Differ? Already at the starting point of applying to an educational institution, many students think about their further education. If you are planning to finish the master’s or doctoral program, you will have to face some new terms like thesis and dissertation. Let’s try to understand the meaning of these academic papers. Many graduate-level programs usually culminate with a final thesis or dissertation. The aim of the final project is to represent student’s knowledge in the certain field of study. Now we will identify the differences between these meanings.The Main Features Of The Thesis WritingWhen you prepare such project, you need to conduct your own original research. It includes the hypothesis that has to be quite new and, moreover, this sentence should inform about the research you have conducted. Generally, in the US, such assignment is a final project for a master’s degree. It is often a specific research on a particular subject that should demonstrate t he student’s knowledge they acquired during the program. What are its main distinctive features? A master’s degree paper is quite similar to a research paper that students usually complete in college. While completing this task, you need to use the research of others, but you also need to analyze these discoveries on your own. It should demonstrate the level of both your critical and analytical thinking. Such assignment also defines the subject you are working on, using other research. It is easier than a PhD degree project but may also cause some problems, so you can use thesis help. The length of master’s degree project is usually over 100 pages and it includes less external links than a PhD final project. While coping with this task, students should emphasize their own ideas and conclusions.The Main Features Of The Dissertation WritingIt is a final project for a doctorate degree or PhD. When you are working on a dissertation writing, you should contribute som ething undiscovered to your field of study. In this type of work, the research of others is used only to help in your own study to make an absolutely new hypothesis. The length of a dissertation is usually over 400 pages. Dissertation is in some way harder as it requires deeper knowledge and analytic skills, and also assumes that its author has an in-depth knowledge of the recent discoveries made in his area of study. Moreover, you must ascertain new conclusions about the information you have read. On a dissertation writing services, you can learn more about it. Preparing such work, you need to synthesize collected information and use it to present your point of view. You can share your own thoughts in such work.What Are The Differences Between A Thesis And A Dissertation Writing?The technical difference between these two works is, at first, the length and the way you use the information for your research. A dissertation is lengthier and needs more time to be completed. A thesis is short and, thus, it takes less time to work on. Preparing a thesis, you should analyze some information you have already gathered whereas a dissertation is always based on your own research. A thesis also helps a student to get a scholarship. And a second work is a part of a process that you make to obtain the degree. As for the form of these papers, the first one is more like an academic research work, while a dissertation is like an academic book. There is also some structure difference between these two paper types. In a thesis, students use a hypothesis which is usually based on the research work of the others. And, at the same time, in a PhD paper, an author of it should have much knowledge of the new discoveries. Another important feature of a thesis is that you focus on your primary argument to confirm your point to your readers. In another type of project, the main focus is on the background work of a researcher. Furthermore, in a thesis, you need work with the information f rom different sources, preparing it includes the analysis of the other works. While in dissertation you add your own new findings and thoughts to the other sources and it requires argumentation that is based on a student’s individual study.General ConclusionHere we studied the most important differences between these two types of papers. One more thing you should know is that the definitions of the terms we’ve discussed in this article can differ between the countries. For example, in some countries, a thesis is done to get the doctorate degree whereas a dissertation helps to acquire a master’s degree. Many scholars say that these two assignments are the same, in general. Today the meaning of these two terms continues to be debatable.

French Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

French Language - Essay Example Although Standard French has in fact undergone centuries of human intervention and language planning, popular opinion, however, contends that Standard French should consist solely of the rulings by the Acadmie franaise in France, or in standardization from terminological work by the Office qubcois de la langue franaise in Quebec. There is further perceived or actual linguistic hegemony in favor of France by virtue of tradition, former imperialism, and a demographic majority. Such notions hinge on linguistic prestige rather than on a linguistic norm. Also, despite the existence of many regional varieties of French in the Francophone world, Standard French is normally chosen as a model for learners of French as a foreign or second language. The standard pronunciation of Metropolitan French is, out of concerns for comprehension or social stigma, sometimes favored over other standard national pronunciations when teaching French to non-native speakers in Francophone nations other than Fra nce. Though the French complain about the incursion of English into their language, they don't fight it nearly as much as French-speaking Canadians do. Whereas stop signs in France say stop, their Qubcois counterparts say arrt. Le week-end in France is known as la fin de semaine in Qubec. And of course, the word chosen to replace "email" in France was the Qubcois term courriel. Thus Canadians feel that their French is actually better than that spoken in France and should be the standard. Therefore, French-Canadians have started a petition to have their French become the standard by which all other variations are measured. Jean Charest, Premier of Qubec, had this to say: Au Qubec, on parle franais. Notre langue n'est pas un petit dialecte franco-canadien et elle n'est pas remplie de franglais comme le franais hexagonal. Nous insistons dsormais que notre franais, c'est la norme. (In Qubec, we speak French. Our language is not some "French-Canadian" dialect, and it's not full of franglais like the French in France. We insist that from now on our French is the standard.) (french.about.com/od/francophonie/a/4_1_05a.htm - 24k - Cached) French (Franais) is a Romance language spoken in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada (principally Quebec), northern New England (especially the state of Vermont), the state of Louisiana and in many other countries and regions formerly or currently governed by France. It is an official language of more than 25 countries. French is spoken as a mother language by 72,000,000 people and as a second language by some other 52,000,000. It is one of the five official languages of the United Nations. Origin and History French dialects developped from the Vulgar Latin which was brought to Northern Gaul with the Roman conquest in the 1st century B.C. (see Rome). The history of French language is divided into 6 main periods:

Arguments for anti-feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arguments for anti-feminism - Essay Example Are women deprived of rights in society as pointed out in lieu of the feminist view or are women appropriately designated with responsibilities fit for their nature compared to the status of men? It is evident that feminism is a concept motivated by the quest for social justice of individuals who believe that women are disadvantaged in society. I consider feminism as both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks equality for women and the end of sexism in all forms. As James characterizes it, â€Å"feminism is grounded on the belief that women are deprived of certain rights and oppressed by comparison with men, and that their oppression is in some way illegitimate or unjustified†, (276). Crow adds that, â€Å"injustices to women are referred to as the imposition of weak roles to women from roles at home and at work to the bigger part of societal functions†, (1). I will prove in this discussion that the feminist claim, that is, women are denied equal rights by being secondary to men is unsound. As Okin makes the point, â€Å"subordination of women in the context of a family is nothing but a role which could be fulfilled as a role in the family†, (68). I can clearly see that housekeeping functions are allocated to women because a family is a relationship built from the cooperation of the partners. Male partners should handle the financial burden since they are more productive and their biological structure provides for the competitive work advantage. With the role of income generation left to the responsibility of men, housekeeping in general should just be naturally assigned to women. In addition, it could easily be argued that men should be given the responsibility to have better compensation â€Å"because of their role in the labor market† (Bergmann 112). Men deserve to get the top spot in the market of jobs and be remunerate d better relative to women due to their abilities. It is the goal of feminism as well to eliminate the culture in